Matrix Border Traversal

Given an integer N, generate an N x N matrix numbered 1 to N² row-wise. Then print its boundary elements in clockwise order: top row, right column, bottom row (reverse), left column (reverse).

Input Format

A single integer N (N >= 2).

Output Format

Print the boundary numbers in a single line separated by space.

Constraints:2 <= N <= 10

Concepts Required:

Clockwise perimeter traversal2D grid indexingAvoiding duplicate corner printing

Expected Pattern PreviewASCII Monospace

Matrix:
 1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8
 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

Boundary Traversal:
1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5

Notice how character spacing and row counts scale systematically based on the input N.

Concrete Examples

Example 1

Input:

Output:

1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5

Explanation: Top: 1 2 3 4 -> Right: 8 12 16 -> Bottom: 15 14 13 -> Left: 9 5.

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